Babeth Ngoc Han Lefur, Country Director, Oxfam in Vietnam
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Vietnam has among the most progressive gender equality laws in Asia. It was among the first countries to ratify the UN’s CEDAW convention on women’s rights in 1982, and Vietnamese women’s labour force participation of over 73% is one of the highest in the region. And yet Vietnamese women are mostly found in unskilled and untrained labour-intensive sectors. They earn 33% less on average than their male counterparts in all fields, with the biggest difference of 43% found in agriculture and foreign companies. In the government, only one out of 20 ministers is female, and 89 out of 1,048 are department directors.
Globally, more men than women own land, shares and other capital assets, men are paid more for doing the same roles as women, and men are concentrated in higher paid jobs. Social norms, attitudes and beliefs devalue the status and abilities of women, justify violence and discrimination against them, and dictate which jobs they can and cannot expect to hold.
The unpaid care work that hugely contributes to the world’s economic prosperity is unrecognised and unrewarded, keeping women subordinate and restrained in their choices. In the social enterprise sector, Southeast Asia is leading the way on pay parity and leadership opportunities for women compared to all other regions, and yet women in Asia earn a fraction of men’s wages and are more likely to be paid below the minimum wage.
There is compelling evidence that women in leadership in companies drives profits and gives businesses a competitive edge. On a national level, greater gender equality in the workforce provides enormous macroeconomic opportunity. The McKinsey Global Institute asserted in 2015 that if women participated equally in the global economy, they could generate additional GDP worth $28 trillion by 2025. That amount is roughly equivalent to the size of the Chinese and US economies combined.
In order for government and business leaders to do better, they must begin by addressing three key barriers to economic equality:
- Agree that the idea that ‘our economic model is gender-neutral’ is a myth. Instead, the policy environment needs to revalue and redistribute care work to end the double burden that many women face.
- Women’s economic empowerment is a practical selling point for companies and business, but is not enough to demonstrate a commitment to change corporate culture - the entrenched structures that undermine women’s access to resources, assets, and leadership positions.
- The biggest barrier to change is often the deeply held social norms, beliefs and behaviours within companies and organisations’ own practices. Policies are important, but are valueless if not applied consistently.
Pragmatically or even intuitively, Asian business leaders understand that economic equality can only be achieved by ending gender inequalities, but the how is evasive. A useful framework for companies’ diagnosis, planning and interventions, called the Rao-Kelleher framework, considers organisational strategy in four dimensions: individual attitudes, access to resources, cultural norms, and formal laws/policies. These dimensions relate to and build on each other.
Change in formal rules and policies is necessary to put accountability mechanisms in place within the organisation’s mission and mandate, ensuring that gender equality is a priority in business decisions, as well as policies for work-family balance and to fight sexual harassment. Along with this, staff need access to resources, space and time to advance equality, with more women in leadership positions, training and capacity building opportunities for achieving gender equality goals. This is built on leaders’ and employees’ knowledge and commitment to gender equality and capacity for dialogue.
Finally, change in informal norms and practices is a long-term process involving power sharing, acceptance of women’s leadership, work-family balance, and inclusive organisational cultures that prioritise learning and prevent harassment and discrimination.
In Vietnam, the legal environment provides a good foundation for companies to develop comprehensive gender policies within their organisations as well as in business operations.
The bigger and more complex task is to enhance gender diversity thinking and culture at the workplace, such as discouraging gender stereotyping, penalising gender discrimination, and promoting values and behaviours of equality and diversity.
Businesses that genuinely strive for inclusion tackle the solution with a comprehensive inside/outside strategy, including good policies, a business culture that values women’s leadership, and contributions to shared prosperity in society. Businesses’ competitive edge does not come only from the maximization of profits; it lies in gender diversity and environmental sustainability that drive business growth.
On the occasion of the World Economic Forum on ASEAN, Oxfam launches a discussion paper entitled ‘The Future of business: Shaping inclusive growth in Southeast Asia’ that presents a spectrum of responsible business models that can help to deliver more sustainable and inclusive economic development, zooming into gender equalities at work. The paper will be released on September 11.
